铝电解电容 应用指南
Application Guidelines For Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
1．电路设计 Circuit Design
1.1 请明确铝电解电容器所处的环境和安装条件应符合本说明书中规定的情况，Please make sure the environmental andmounting condition to which the capacitor will be exposed to are within the condition specified in this catalog (oraltermate specifications,such as series drawings)
1.2 工作温度和纹波电流应小于本说明书中的规定，Operating temperature and applied nipple current must be within the spocification
●电容器不能用于超过规定的环境温度。The capacitor must not be used in an ambient temporature which exceeds the operating temperaturo specifed in this catplog
●电容器不能用于超过规定的纹波电流，Do not apply excessive current which exceeds the applied ripple current
1.3 设计电路时请选择满足产品寿命的电容器，Appropriate capacitors which comply with the ife requirement off the products should be selected when designing the circuit
1.4 铝电解电容器是有极性的，不要施加反向电压或交流电。在可能出现电压极性相反的电路中，请使用无极性电容器，注意：即使无极性电容器也不能在交流电情况下使用，Aluminum eloctrolytic capacitors are polarized.Do not apply reverse voltage or AC voltage please use non-polarized capacitors for a circuit that can possibly soe reversed polarity.Note,Even non-polarized capacitors can not use for AC voltage application.
1.5 在需要快速和频繁充/放电的电路中，请不要使用铝电解电容器，他需要使用具有长寿命特征的特别设计的电容器，Donotuse aluminum electrolytic capacitors in a circult that requires rapid and very frequent charge/discharge,In this type ofcircuit. it is necessary to use a special design capacitor with extended ife characteristics.
1.6 不要施加过高的电压，Do not apply excess voltage．
●请注意直流电压上叠加纹波电流时的峰值电压不要超过额定电压，Please pay attention so that the peak voltage，which is DC voltage overtapped by ripple current,will not exceed the rated vollage.
●在使用2个以上的铝电解电容串联时，请注意施加的电压应低于额定电压。应在每只电容并联一只平衡电阻，使每只电容器承受的电压相等。In the case where more than 2 aluminum electrolytic capacitors are used in series，please make sure thatAppled voltage will be lower than rated voltage and the voltage will be Appled to each capacitor equally using a balancing resistor in paralel with the capacitor.
1.7．电容器外面的套管不能保证是电的绝缘体，不要使用标准套管的电容器在需要电绝缘的场合。当需要特别的绝缘时，请与我们的业务部联系，Outer sloeve of the capacitor is not guarantoed as an electrical insulator.Do not use a standard sleeveon a capacitor in applications that require the electrical insulation,When the application requires special insulation,pleasecontact our sales office for details.
●不要将具有多端子（三或四端子）的自立式产品的空端子（加围端子）连接到其他电路，这样可能引起短路。Do not connectthe blank terminal(reinforcing terminal)of a multi-terminal(three-or four-terminal) product of the snap-in type to another cireuit it may cause a short circuit.
1.8 电容器避免用在下面的情况：Capacitors must not used under the following conditions ·
●暴露于水（包括露水），盐水或油，Capacitors must not be exposed to wator (including condensation)，bnne or oil.
•在环境中含有有害气体，像硫化氢、亚硫酸、亚硝酸、氯、铵等等，Ambient conditions that include toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide,suffurous acid,nitrous acid,chiorine,ammonium etc.
●使电容暴露在臭氧，紫外线和放射线的环境，Ambient conditions that expose the capacitor to ozone，ultraviclet ray and radiation
●超过本说明书的剧烈振动和物理冲击，Sevore vibration and physical shock conditions that exceed the specifications.
1.9 设计电路板时， 请注意以下， When designing a circuit board， please pay attention to following
●线路板上的孔， 要与电容器的引线相应。Make the hole spacing on the PC boardmatch the lead space of the capaci or.
●在容器安全孔的上面不应有器件或电线。There should not be any circuit pattern or circuit wire above the capacitors are tyvent.
●除非品有规定的压力野放口上面的间隙应大于下表。Unless otherwise specified， following clearance should be made above the pressure relief vent.
●假如压力野放口面向线路板(例如端面密封型) ， 在线路板上的相应位置打一个孔以释放气体。In case the vent side is placed
toward PC board(such a send seal vented parts) ， make a corresponding hole on the PC board to release the gas when
vent is operated.The hole should be made to match the capacitor vent position。
●不亚将搅检型端子的电容器的密封端向下安装。当水平安装时， 正极端一定要在较上的位置， Do not install screw terminal
capacitor with end seal down.When you install screw terminal capacitor in a horizontal mount， the positive tem minal must
be in the upper position
1.10 用于电容器的主要化学成分电解液和隔离纸是易燃的。电解液是导电的，当它与电路板接触时，可能造成腐蚀或短路甚至会和
起火。因此不能在电容器密封端的下面布置任何线条。The main chemical solution of the electrolyte and the separator paper
used in the capacitors are com bus ible， The electrolyte is conductive， when it comes in contact with the PC board，there
is a possib ity of pat tem corrosion or short circuit between the circuit patte mn which could in result of smoking or catching
fre.Do not locate any circuit pattern beneath the capacitor end seal。
1.11 设计电路板时， 不要在电容器的旁边或下面(PCB板的另一面) 放置发热量较大的元器件， 如电阻、变压器等。Do not design
a circuit board so that heat generating components such as resistor and transistors a replaced near an aluminum capacitor
or reverse side of PC board(under the capacitor) 。
1.12 铝电容器的电特性随温度和频率而变化。设计电路时请考虑这些变化。Electrical characteristics may vary depending on
changes in temperature and frequency.Please consider this variation when you design circuits。
1.13 当设计半双面PCB板时， 避免在电容器下面布置线条或通孔.When you are designing capacitors for use on double-side
sRC.Board avoid circuit pat tems or through holes(such to connect both sides) ， that a replaced under the capacitor
1.14 螺丝安装型的铝电解电容器接线柱螺丝或支架螺丝的力矩必须在规定的范围。The torque for terminal screw or brackets
screws must be within the specified value on drawings
1.15 当用2个以上电容器并联时， 请考虑电容器电流的平衡。When you install more than 2 capacitors in parallel， consider the
balance of current lowing into the capacitor
2.安装Mounting
2.1一旦一个电容器已用在设备中井加上电压， 不要尝试再将它使用在别的电路。Once a capacitor has been assembled in the
set and power applied， do not attempt to reuse the capacitor in other circuits or application
2.2在正负极之间可能存在电动势， 请使用一只1KQ电阻放电。Electric potential between post ve and neq at ve terminal may
ex is as a result or returned electromotive force， so please discharge the capacitor using a1KQ resistor.
2.3贮藏6个月以上， 漏电流可能增加当漏电流已增加时， 请使用1KQ电阻做一次电压修复Leak a de current of the parts that
have been stored for more than 6 months may increase.When leak a de current has increases please perform a voltage
treatment usina1KQ resistor
2.4在将电容器安装到PCB板之前注意核实其额定值。Please conf rm ratings before install ng capacitors on the PC board
2.5在将电容器安装到PCB板之前注意核实其极性， Please conf rm polarity before installing capacitors on the PCB board
2.6不要将电容器掉到地板上， 也不要使用已掉于地板上的电容器， Do not drop capaci for son the floor， nor use a
capacitor that was dropped.
2.7安装时注意不要再改变己成型的电容器的引线。Be careful not to deform the capacitor during instalation.
2.8请核实电容器的脚距符合PCB板的孔距， Please conf rm that the lead spacing of the capacitor matches the hole spacing
of the PC board prior to installation
2.9自立式电容器(外形如J IS 692， 693.694和695) 安装时， 要紧贴PCB板(在PCB板与电容器底部不允许有间隙) Snap-in can
type capacitor such as J IS configura ion 692， 693.695 type should be installed tightly to the PC board(silo no dap
between the PC board and bottom of the capacitor)
2.10注意自动插件械的夹力不要太强(=2.5Kg) ， Please pay attention that the ln ch force is not too strong when capacitors
are placed and fixed by an automatic insertion machine(=2.5kg)
2.11请注意自动插件机等机械设备不要对电容器产生机械冲击。Please pay attention to that the mechanical shock to the can
ac it or by suction nozzle of the automatic insertion machine or automatic mounter.or by product checker or bv center
inn mechanism.
2.12焊接条件要满足本说明书的有关规定。Sold eing condition must be conf rmed to be w thin the specification
2.13将电容器焊接到PCB板后， 请不要扳倒或转动电容器。Do not tt laydown or twist the cap actor body after the capacitors
are soldered to the PC board.
2.14请不要靠拿住焊好的电容器移动PCB板。Do not carry the PC board by grasping the soldered capacitor
2.15请不要允许任何东西接触焊接好的电容器， 如果PCB板存放在货架， 请保证PCB板或其他器件不要接触电容器Please de
not allow anything to touch the capacitor after soldering.If PC board a restored in stack.please make sure PC board or
the other components do not touch the capacitor.
电容器不能受刚焊接好的PCB板或其他器件的热辐射的影响， The capacitors shall not be effected bvanvradiafadheatfoom.
the soldered PC board or other component after soldering，
2.16不要用卤化物清洁电容器， Do not clean capacitor wth halogenated cleaning agent
2.17固定材料和涂覆材料， Fixing mater lals and co ang materials。
●不要使用任何含有卤素成分的材料。Do not use any ingredients which contain halogen
●请在涂覆前， 清除电容器密封端面与PCB板空隙中的焊剂与杂物。Please pay attention remove flux and contamination w
his，remains in the gap between the end seal and PC board and dry that port on well before coat ig
●只能部分的而不是全部包住电容器。Please do not apply any material all around the capacitor body but apply it partially.
●了解有关涂覆材料造成的不良影响， 请与我们业务部联系， Please contact our sales offce to make sure who the r the as
condtion of coating ma torial would cause any problem.
3.贮存 Storage
当铝电解电容器经过长期静态贮存时,其性能会降低。变化的比率依温度,湿度而变化。The characteristics of aluminum electrolytic capacitor degrade when stored in a static condition for long periods of time, The rate of deterioration depends upon temperature and humidity
电容器应当在温度5℃-35℃湿度小于75%,无直接日光照射的环境贮存。Capacitors should be stored at the temperature of 5Cto 35℃, the humidity of less than 75% RH and out of direct sunlight.
电容器经贮存一年以上在使用前应进行“电压老化”,以再形成和修复氧化膜。 Capacitors that have been stored for long periods normally over one year should be subjected to a “voltage aging”treatment before use, This will reform and repair the oxide dielectric。
建议老化过程中监控漏电流不要超过规定值的情况下,逐渐的给电容器加压直到电容器的额定电压。当到达额定电压后保持
30-60分钟。 Suggest aging procedure is gradually apply the rated voltage to the capacitors while monitoring the leakage current. Do not exceed the specified leakage current value. When rated voltage has been reached maintain for 30 to 60 minutes.
4.印制板的清洁 Printed Circuit Board Cleaning
4.1 前言 Foreword
现在大家普遍都认为卤类溶剂对铝电解电容器是有危害的。这是因为溶液能渗透电容器密封。然后,溶解和释放氯离子(CL-离子)可腐蚀铝电极。It had been generally accepted that halogen type organic solvents were hazardous to aluminum electrolytic capacitors, This is because an organic solvent can permeate the capacitor through the end seal. Then , the solvent dissolves and free chlorine ions (CL-ion), which can corrode the aluminum electrodes.
下面的方法是唯一可以预先避免这个现象的途径。The following measures were previously the only way to avoid this phenomenon 。
使用对电容器无害的清洁剂,如水或酒精。Use of cleaning agents, not hazardous to capacitors such as water or alcohol.
将电容器安装在已事先经过卤类溶剂清洗过的印制板上。Mount capacitors on PC boards cleaned with a halogen type solvent before hand.
端口使用环氧密封。 Use of epoxy end seals.
这些方法在工作效率,清洁能力、成本等方面有缺点。因此,耐卤类清洗剂的铝电解电容器是大家所希望的。These measure haves disadvantages with respect to working efficiency, cleaning capability, cost etc, therefore, aluminum electrolytic capacitors which can withstand halogen type cleaning agents are desirable.
4.2 清洗剂的类型 Types of cleaning agents
一般地有三种类型清洗剂。Generally there are three types of cleaning agents。
●水类water type.
●酒精类 alcohol type
●卤素类 halogen type
三类中,水和酒精使之渗进铝电解电容器也仅有很微弱的影响。然而,卤素能引起铝箔和引线的腐蚀。普通卤素类清洗剂列在下表:Of these, water and alcohol will have little effect even if they permeate the capacitor, However, halogens can cause corrosion of aluminum foil and tab, common types of halogen cleaning agents are listed in table below:
上表所列后四个溶剂可显著地腐蚀铝,不推荐使用这些清洗剂。The last four solvents listed above are particularly corrosive to aluminum and are not recommended to use as cleaning solvents.
4.3溶剂渗透通道和腐蚀机制 Penetration channel of solvent and corrosion mechanism
下图给出溶剂渗入电容器的三条通道。The three channels by which solvents can penetrate into the capacitor are illustrated.
①通过密封胶粒和铝壳(曲线部分)之间的空隙渗入。Penetration through a clearance
between the rubber and the aluminum case (curled section)
②通过密封胶粒和导针之间的空隙渗入。 Penetration through a clearance between the
rubber and the lead wires.
③通过密封胶粒渗入。 Permeation through the rubber end seal
为减少溶剂进入电容器的可能性,加强密封以减少胶粒和铝壳/导针间的空隙。需要使用抗溶剂渗透的密封胶粒。To reduce the possibly of solvents entering a capacitor, tight sealing is required to eliminate clearances between the tuber and the aluminum case/lead wires, A solvent resistant rubber material is also a necessity
当一溶剂,例如三氯三氣代乙烷,渗入不抗溶剂渗透的电容器,其氣离子是自由的,如下面的反应公式。When a solvent, for example,
trichlorotrifluoroethane gets inside a non anti solvent capacitor ion is free as shown by the following reaction formula,
氯离子与铝起反应如下: This chlorine ion reacts with aluminum as follows;
溶液在水里反应为: Then AICI3 resolves in water, and it becomes:
如此,氯离子再一次自由并重复腐蚀铝。这个反应的度,依溶液的量,使用时电容的周围温度,施加的电压和时间等等。Thus, the CLion is free again and repeats the corrosion of aluminum, The degree of this reaction depends on the volume of solvent,the ambient temperature of the capacitor in service, the applied voltage and time etc.
5.基本电气的特性Basic Electrical Characteristics
电容量 Capacitance:
电容器的电容量可通过测量他的阻抗来确定其交流电容量。其交流电容量依赖于频率、电压和测量方法。JIS C 5102规定一个串
联等效电路( )的串联电容分量,是在频率120HZ,交流电压0.5Vrms加直流偏置电压1.5-2.0V条件下测量出电容量。
The capacitance of capacitor is determined as AC capacitance by measuring methods, JIS C 5102prescribes that the seriescapacitive component of an equivalent series circuit shall be considered as the capacitance by measuring it at a frequency of 120HZ and a maximum AC voltage of 0.5vrms with a DC bias voltage of 1.5 to 2.0V applied for aluminum electrolytic capacitors
铝电解电容器的电容量在测量频率增加时变小。如下图所示。The capacitance of an aluminum electrolytic capacitor shows smaller values as a measuring frequency increase, See the typical behavior shown below
测量的温度和频率一样同样影响电容量。当温度降低时电容量变小。如下图所示。Measuring temperature as well as frequency effects the capacitance, As the measuring temperature decreases. The capacitance shows smaller values. See the typical behavior shown below
另一方面，直流电容量可以在施加一直流电压时来测量改变来确定，在正常温度下它比交流电容量稍大，而超过这个温度范围有较平的特性。
On one hand,DC capacitance,which can be determined by measuring the change when a DC voltage is applied,shows a slightly larger value than the AC capacitance at a normal temperature and has the flatter characteristic over the temperature range。
Tanδ(损失角的正切或损失因子）：
Tanδ 是串联等效电路的电阻分量（ESR）与容抗分量（1/ωc)之比，它的测量条件与电容量测量相同。The Tanδ is the ratio of the resistive component(ESR)to the capacitive reactance(1/ωc)in the equivalent series circuit,and its measuring conditions are the same as the capacitance
Tanδ随测量频率的增加和测量温度的减少而变大,如下图所示: The Tanδ show higher values as a measuring frequency increase and a measuring temperature decreases, as follows
等效串联电阻Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR)
ESR是由铝化膜。电解液、电解纸及其它受铝箔长度、面积等影响产生的电阻。ESR值依赖于温度。减小温度使电解液的电阻案增加：结果是ESR增加。当测量频率增加， ESR减少并到达一个几乎恒定的值， 主要是由于电解液、电解纸独立于频率的申阻， The ESR is comprised of the resistance due to aluminum oxide layer， electrolyte、separator combination and
other resistance effected with foil length.foil surface area， etc。the ESR value depends on the temperature。Decreasing the temperature makes the resist vity of the electrolyte increase with the result of the ESR increasing。As the measuring fr eau en cv increases.the ESR decreases and reaches an almost constant value that is mainly the frequency-independent resistance due to electrolyte/separator combination。
阻抗Impedance(z) ：
阳抗是在一指定的频率下阻碍交变电流流动的阻力。The impedance is the resistance which oppose the flow of alternating
current at a specific frequency。
它与由容(C) 的容抗和电感(L) 的感抗， 也和ESR有关。表达式如下。It is related capacitance(C) and inductance(L) in terms
of can ac itive and inductive reactance， and also related to the ESR。It is expressed as follows
容抗(XC) 统治低频率范围， 阻抗随频率增加而减少， 直到达到中间的频率范围的ESR。在更高的频率的范围， 感抗成为统治者，阳抗随频率增加而增加。As shown below， the capacitive reactance(XC) predominates at the range of low frequencies， and the i moe dance decreases with increasing frequency until it reaches the ESRin the middle frequency range。At the range of the hiaherfreauencies the inductive reactance(XL) comes to predominate， so that the impedance increases with increasing the measuring frequenc
如下图所示,因为电解液的电导随温度而变化,阻抗也随温度而变化。As shown below , the impedance value varies with
temperature, because the resistance of the electrolyte strongly changes with temperature
漏电流 Leakage Current
电容器的绝缘有很高的电阻,阻止直流电流的流动。然而,由于铝氧化膜作为与电解液接触的绝缘体,有一个小的电流叫漏电流。当施加电压时电流修复和再化成氧化膜。如下图所示,当施加给电容器电压前几分钟,有较高的漏电流,然后漏电流随时间减小,并到达一个几乎稳当的值。The dielectric of a capacitor has a very high resistance which prevents the flow of DC current
However, due to the characteristics of the aluminum oxide layer that functions as a dielectric in contact with electrolyte, a
测量时的温度和电压影响漏电流。漏电流当温度和电压增大时变大。Measuring temperature and voltage effect the leakage current, The leakage current shows higher values as the temperature and voltage increase
一般地，漏电流的测量是在20℃施加标准电压，与电容器连一个1000Ω的电阻，当电容器的电压到达额定电压几分钟后进行测量。本目录描述了测量温度和时间。In general,the leakage curent is measured at 20℃ by applying the rated voltage,which is applied through a resistor of 1,000 connectedin series with series with the capacitor,and several minutes after the capacitor reached tie rated voltage。The catalog prescribes the measuring temperature and time.
6. 电容器承受最大纹波电流侧向力他
Max ripple current(mA r.m.s)
D*H：为各系列电容表列的尺寸
D*H1：产品实际尺寸
7. 电容器使用频率
常规品电容器使用频率在10KHz以下，如频率超过10KHz，或线路上有较大的纹波电压或纹波电流，应选用高频低阻系列电容
8.温度与寿命(Load life):
Expected Load life(预期高温负荷寿命):
if the capacitor’s Max operating temperature is at 105 C(85℃）, then after applying capacitor’s rated voltage(WV) of
Lo hours at 105 ℃(85 ℃), the capacitor shall meet the requirements in detail specification.
Lx:实际温度下的预期寿命时间
Expected life period (hrs) at actual operating temperature
Lo:在期限温度下实际寿命时间
Expected life period(hrs) at maximum operating temperature allowed
To:允许期限温度
Maximum operating temperature (℃)allowed
Tx: 实际环境温度Actual operating ambient temperature (℃)
B:温度系数Accelerate Coefficient of temperature(℃)(=2)
